Soyuz TMA

The Soyuz TMA manned transport spacecraft derived from the Soyuz TM in accordance with intergovernmental agreements between Russia and the United States of America (USA). It is an integral part of the Orbital International Space Station (ISS) Complex providing rescue of the main crew of the station and delivering special visiting crews of up to three-man and small cargoes. Besides, Soyuz TMA spacecraft is also used for disposal of wastes from the station which are burned down in the atmosphere during descent. It is launched using the Soyuz FG rocket. As of August 2010, the Soyuz TMA program has involved 19 spacecrafts with the first 10-day mission test launch Soyuz TMA-1 on October 30, 2002, followed by the first flight mission by Soyuz TMA-2 on April 26, 2003. The Soyuz spacecraft consists of three modules: orbital module, descent module, and service module. The orbital module at the forefront of the spacecraft is designed to accommodate the crew during their mission in orbit. The descent module in the inner position is also habitable and is equipped with a heat shield, brake and main parachutes along with solid-fuel braking engines mounted behind the heat shield that ignite at 1 meter above the ground to accomplish the spacecraft's landing. The service module contains the engines, solar panels and instruments. Both the orbital and service modules are destroyed during the re-entry into the atmosphere.

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