9S18M3 Kupol-M3 Russian 3D Target Acquisition Radar for Buk-M3

The 9S18M “Kupol-M” (NATO designation: “Snow Drift”) is a mobile 3D acquisition radar designed for air defense. Operating in the F-band (NATO designation) with a frequency-agile capability, it utilizes a rectangular phased array antenna that mechanically rotates in azimuth and electronically steers a pencil beam in elevation. The radar transmits alternating unmodulated pulses and pulses with linear intra-pulse frequency modulation (chirp), achieving an instrumented range of 160 km with a range resolution of 400 m. It can track up to 50 targets simultaneously and provide target designation for six, primarily serving the 9K37 “Buk” (NATO designation: SA-11 “Gadfly”) air defense missile system. Developed in 1977 and introduced in 1980, the 9S18M is in service with several states of the former Soviet Union and Finland.

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